Shall I Ask a Few Questions?

• That’s what Lee Jae-myung (President) said at Paris Baguette.
• Lee Jae-myung: “If you work 12 hours, you have to pay 150% for the 4 hours exceeding 8, right? With night premiums, you should pay 200% until 6 a.m., right? Isn’t it theoretically cheaper to hire 50% more people to work 8-hour shifts instead of 12? So why do you do 12-hour shifts? Shall I make a guess?”
• Heo Young-in (SPC Chairman): “Yes.”
• Lee Jae-myung: “Isn’t it because the total wage is so low that no one would work for just 8 hours?”
• Heo Young-in: “As you said, night shifts do cost more, and workers also have some wage compensation in terms of total pay, so we are negotiating this through labor agreements.”
• Lee Jae-myung: “Working 12 hours at night is tough. You get sleepy. When you’re sleepy, you can obviously collapse or make mistakes. But this is something you can predict. That’s why I’m asking.”
• Heo Young-in: “I think that’s certainly possible.”

Accident in the Early Hours.

• Lee Jae-myung: “What time did the accident occur?”
• Heo Young-in: “At 2:50 AM.”
• Lee Jae-myung: “How many shifts were there?”
• Heo Young-in: “It was a three-team, two-shift system.”
• Lee Jae-myung: “So, alternating day and night shifts for four days and then two days off. It’s a rotating shift.”
• Heo Young-in: “Yes, that’s correct.”
• Lee Jae-myung: “Starting work at 7:30 AM and finishing at 7:30 AM. Must be tiring. I wonder if it’s feasible for someone to work 12-hour shifts until 7 AM for four days a week. Is this labor practice even permissible under labor law?”

“Rest When the Machines Stop,” Really?

• Lee Jae-myung: “I heard they give 20-minute breaks every hour, so I asked if that’s true.”
• Heo Young-in: “The machines keep running, but we stop for 20 minutes during mixing.”
• Lee Jae-myung: “That’s not for rest, it’s unavoidable for work. I asked because you said they guarantee 20-minute breaks every hour, and I wanted to know if that’s true.”
• In reality, they stop the line for 20 minutes every four hours for item changes. Not 20 minutes every hour.
• Park Sang-hyun (Publisher of Otter Letter) pointed out, “The highlight of Lee Jae-myung’s conversation was spotting the lie in the company’s logic of ‘rest when the machines stop.'”
• “When the machine stops during work, a worker might rest, but that’s not guaranteed rest. It’s a byproduct of factory needs. Not many can spot that instantly unless they’ve worked long in a factory. Even if Lee Jae-myung only raises Korea’s safety standards during his term, he’d be praised. Just like Kim Young-sam (former President), who is remembered as a good president for the real-name financial system and disbanding Hanahoe, despite criticism. A president needs clear achievements to have their mistakes and flaws forgiven.”
• Related Link.

President Visits the ‘Factory of Death’.

• Lee Jae-myung visited the SPC Samlip factory in Siheung, Gyeonggi.
• SPC (Paris Baguette) is a habitual major accident company with 3 deaths and 5 injuries over 3 years. There have also been 3 deaths from overwork.
• Son Won-je (Hankyoreh Editorial Writer) remarked, “Lee Jae-myung’s factory visit struck like a hammer breaking through helplessness and despair,” emphasizing, “The essence of politics is to protect and uplift the lives of the people.”
• The day after Lee Jae-myung’s visit, SPC announced, “We will limit night shifts for production workers to 8 hours to eliminate long night work.”
• As of last April, the proportion of workers on a two-shift system reached 34% at Shany, 59% at Paris Croissant, and 66% at SPL.
• Related Link.
• Related Link.

What Matters Now.

Agricultural Products Included.

• They initially refused to put rice and beef on the table, but the situation has changed. Kim Yong-beom (Presidential Office Policy Chief) said, “They are included in the negotiation items.”
• A government official stated, “Expanding rice imports is practically a given.”
• The U.S. demands the opening of the beef market and easing of quarantine procedures. Beef over 30 months old might be imported. Trump remarked, “We are closely watching countries that reject beef.”
• Discussions are underway on proposing additional openings for some agricultural products.
• Lee Jae-myung frequently asks his aides, “Will this be resolved if we concede this?” Trump showed little interest in the package deal proposed by the Korean government.
• Some Democratic Party lawmakers drew attention with a statement saying, “Agriculture should not be sacrificed.”
• Related Link.
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US Forces Korea and Tariff Negotiations.

• Trump insists on expanding the role of US Forces Korea to the Indo-Pacific region.
• This implies South Korea should intervene if a similar situation arises in Taiwan.
• The Korea-US Mutual Defense Treaty states efforts for “collective defense of the Pacific area,” but expanding to the Indo-Pacific suggests an intention to contain China by grouping South Korea, Japan, Australia, and the Philippines.
• Japan is chiming in. Shigeru Ishiba (Japanese Prime Minister) has argued for creating an “Asian NATO” to secure deterrence against China, Russia, and North Korea. He also proposed the “one theater” concept to operate the East and South China Seas as a single theater.
• Related Link.

“Pay to Lower Tariffs.”.

• Trump is blatantly asking for gifts.
• Japan promised $550 billion in investments and lowered general tariffs from 25% to 15%. Trump called it a ‘signing bonus.’
• With deals struck with Japan and Europe, Korea might be seen as the last big deal opportunity.
• On the 31st, Koo Yun-cheol (Minister of Economy and Finance) will meet Scott Besant (U.S. Treasury Secretary).
• Related Link.

550 Billion Dollar Truth Battle.

• In Japan, complaints are pouring in, asking if they’ve given too much. The Japanese government explained that most are loans or guarantees, with direct investment only 1-2%, but the truth battle is expected to continue.
• Since there was no written agreement, their statements differ. Scott Bessent is threatening, “If the agreement is not kept, I’ll revert tariffs to 25%.” Akazawa Ryosei (Minister of Economic Revitalization) is holding firm, saying, “If tariffs aren’t lowered, we won’t keep our promise.” Their stance is that tariff reduction comes first.

South Korea’s Hidden Card: Shipbuilding.

• Trump is keen on boosting shipbuilding. The U.S. Navy has no choice but to ask South Korea for repairs.
• The South Korean government plans to propose elevating shipbuilding cooperation to a ‘shipbuilding alliance.’
• The U.S. feels a sense of crisis. China’s shipbuilding market share is 69%. Once the world leader, the U.S. now holds less than 0.2%. South Korea is at 16%, Japan at 4%.
• As of 2023, China built 1,700 ships, while the U.S. built fewer than five.
• The U.S. has fewer than 200 merchant ships, whereas China has over 7,000. In warships, the U.S. has 297, China 370.
• Hanwha Ocean plans to increase local production using its Hanwha Philly Shipyard in Philadelphia as a base. HD Hyundai has signed a business agreement with Huntington Ingalls, the top U.S. marine defense company.
• Related Link.
• Related Link.

Controversy Over ‘Triple Benefits’ for Failing Med Students.

• First, 8,300 medical students who received notices of failure or expulsion were allowed to return.
• Second, the education period has been specially reduced from six years to five years and six months. The plan is to cover the curriculum through intensive classes during vacations, weekends, and nights.
• Third, an additional medical licensing exam will be held.
• The Ministry of Education accepted the proposal from the Council of University Presidents. They explained it as a “process to normalize the medical training system.”
• In any case, the 17-month-long conflict between the medical community and the government seems to be reaching an end. Criticism of “medical school invincibility” is mounting.
• There are also concerns that it sets a bad precedent of “gaining by holding out.”
• Related Link.
• Related Link.
• Related Link.

Deep Dive.

Announcing a ‘Fiscal-Led Growth’ Strategy.

• Shifting policy from ‘sound finance’ to ‘expansionary finance.’
• Expanding the monthly 100,000 won child allowance to cover up to age 18. Broadening employment insurance coverage.
• Planning to increase fiscal investment in advanced industries like AI and bio. Revealing strategies for RE100 industrial complexes and regional balanced development.
• Considering easing the managed fiscal deficit to 4-5% of nominal GDP. It was 4.1% last year. While tax increases and budget restructuring are on the table, they are willing to accept a larger deficit.

“No More Interest Games,” A Warning.

• The four major financial holding companies—KB Financial Group, Shinhan Financial Group, Hana Financial Group, and Woori Financial Group—posted a combined net profit of 10.3254 trillion won in the first half of this year. It’s the first time exceeding 10 trillion won.
• Non-interest income stands at 7.2 trillion won. The foreign exchange gain effect is noted as significant.
• Kwon Dae-young (Vice Chairman of the Financial Services Commission) urgently convened heads of financial associations, including the Korea Federation of Banks. This follows Lee Jae-myung’s warning, “Instead of clinging to easy interest games like mortgage loans, please also focus on expanding investments.”
• In line with the government’s stance, they announced plans for share buybacks and cancellations in the second half. KB Financial plans 660 billion won, while Shinhan Financial and Hana Financial plan 600 billion won and 200 billion won, respectively.
• Related Link.
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Can 120,000 Youth Rental Homes Be Achieved by 2030?

• Even combining all recruitment notices since 2019, it falls short of 20,000 units. Next year’s supply is around 2,000 units.
• Youth Assurance Housing offers rental homes cheaper than market rates near transit stations and main roads for young people and newlyweds.
• There are concerns about the difficulty of operation due to low rent.
• Kim Jin-yoo (Professor at Kyonggi University) emphasized, “Additional incentives, like pre-selling some rental units, are necessary.”
• Related Link.

240,000 to Visit Incheon Airport on August 1.

• Yesterday (Sunday), 125,000 people departed.
• The all-time record is 228,000 during this year’s Lunar New Year holiday.

Digging into Kim Keon-hee’s Family.

• At a relative’s house of Kim Keon-hee, a ‘NATO necklace’ was found. This necklace, worth 60 million won, was worn by Kim during a NATO meeting but wasn’t declared in her assets, sparking controversy.
• The special prosecutor raided the homes of Kim Keon-hee (Yoon Suk-yeol’s wife), Choi Eun-soon (Kim’s mother), Kim Jin-woo (Kim’s brother), and the office of Covana Contents.
• Kim initially claimed she borrowed it from a friend, but recently changed her story, saying it was a replica. Whether real or fake, it’s a lie, they say. Why was it kept at a relative’s house? An explanation is needed. The special prosecutor plans to first verify its authenticity.
• The Kim Keon-hee special investigation summoned Yoon Sang-hyun (People Power Party lawmaker) as a suspect in connection with nomination interference allegations. A recorded call where Yoon Suk-yeol said, “I’ll talk to Sang-hyun one more time,” has been made public.
• Related Link.
• Related Link.

Cinderella Investigation, Shoe Size Didn’t Fit.

• There were suspicions that Kim Geon-hee swapped a Chanel bag received through Jeon Seong-bae (Geonjin Monk) for shoes via Yoo Kyung-ok (then administrator), and it was thought the shoe size of 250mm would be easy to verify.
• However, during the special prosecutor’s raid, it was found that Kim Geon-hee’s shoe size is 260mm. Chosun Ilbo noted the special prosecutor’s predicament, but it was confirmed that Kim Geon-hee’s shoe size is relatively large for a woman, suggesting the possibility that, like the hidden necklace, the shoes might have been placed elsewhere.
• Related Link.

Why Kim Keon-hee’s Summons Matters.

• Kim Keon-hee is not just any suspect. Personal allegations have paralyzed governance and undermined the system.
• The Yangpyeong Expressway allegations were brushed aside, and the Deutsche Motors stock manipulation was ignored. The Dior bag was cleared, but the Chanel bag allegations remain unresolved. There’s also the “Sambu check” suspicion and allegations of meddling in nominations.
• Hong Jin-soo (Kyunghyang Shinmun Social Affairs Editor) emphasized it as “an opportunity to restore shattered justice.”
• Related Link.

Shincheonji Involvement in Yoon’s Election?

• That’s what Hong Joon-pyo (former Daegu Mayor) said. Ahead of the 2022 presidential election, in the People Power Party primary, Hong Joon-pyo led in public opinion polls, but Yoon Seok-yeol was far ahead in party member votes. Hong claimed, “Everyone knows that the reason Kwon Seong-dong (then Yoon’s campaign chief) was so confident was due to the tens of thousands of responsible party members from Shincheonji and the Unification Church joining.”
• A People Power Party lawmaker, interviewed by the JoongAng Ilbo, criticized it as “a self-destructive act driving an already crisis-ridden party to the edge.” There is no rebuttal that it is untrue.
• Related Link.

What the Jeong Cheong-rae Phenomenon Reveals.

• There used to be a saying that it’s better for the ruling party to stay out of sight early in a regime. It’s the president’s time, after all.
• However, Jeong Cheong-rae (Democratic Party lawmaker) leading in the party leadership race signals a shift in the political landscape. A pro-Myeong faction figure told the Korea Times, “In this era of peak party member sovereignty, lawmakers are unnecessary, and members want to wield power directly. Clearly, politicians without fandom will struggle in national party elections.”
• In an interview with the Korea Times, Jeong Cheong-rae boasted, “Prosecutorial, judicial, and media reforms can be completed in as little as a week.” He emphasized ‘coordination with the president in private, support in public.’
• The People Power Party sees no partner for cooperation, prioritizing internal conflict resolution. They opposed Kang Sun-woo (Democratic Party lawmaker) for Minister of Gender Equality and Family until the end. “I want to extend a hand to help those who have fallen,” he said.
• Related Link.

Another Take.

Should Yoon Pay 100,000 Won Each?

• Citing mental distress from Yoon’s illegal martial law, 104 citizens filed a lawsuit, resulting in a ruling for 100,000 won in compensation each.
• Lee Seong-bok (Seoul Central District Court Chief Judge) declared, “The emergency martial law declaration was illegal and unconstitutional, and the mental anguish and damages are evident.” This was Lee’s final case before retirement.
• Prevailing opinion suggests Yoon is likely to appeal, and actual compensation payments are unlikely.
• Related Link.

Reported Stalking, Then Released.

• Arrested urgently, then released by police, only for the victim to be found dead from stab wounds days later.
• The victim had already reported to 112 three times.
• The first report resulted in a warning, the second in a written warning. The third led to an urgent arrest and an emergency measure (restraining order), after which the suspect was released. A provisional measure (written warning) was requested to the prosecution, but it was dismissed.
• Police explained, “The perpetrator confessed and showed remorse, so we released him.” The prosecution stated, “It cannot be seen as repeated stalking,” and dismissed the case.
• Related Link.

Blocking Gap Investment Raises Jeonse Prices.

• Apartment jeonse prices are rising due to reduced supply, while villa prices fall as demand drops. Fear of reverse jeonse is growing.
• The share of row houses and multi-home jeonse in Seoul fell from 62% in 2022 to 41% in the first half of this year. Apartment jeonse share rose to 57%.
• The Kyunghyang Shinmun pointed out, “The non-apartment jeonse market, previously rent-focused, has been excessively inflated by jeonse guarantees and loans, creating a bubble.” It suggests a need to “return to a rent-focused system.”
• Cho Jung-heun (Chairman of the Citizens’ Coalition for Economic Justice’s Land and Housing Committee) noted, “Instead of excessive supply, we need to create an environment where the non-apartment rental market can operate healthily and normally to increase the vanished demand and supply.”
• Related Link.

Seoul Apartment Transactions Drop 77%.

• Since the loan regulations began on the 27th of last month until the 25th of this month, only 2,506 transactions occurred. The previous four weeks saw 10,723 transactions.
• The median transaction price fell by 18.6% to 895 million won. Transaction area also decreased from 84㎡ to 79㎡. This indicates a focus on smaller units.
• The balloon effect was minimal. Transaction volumes in Nowon, Dobong, and Gangbuk districts fell by 69% and 65%, respectively.
• Many argue this isn’t enough. Yoon Ji-hae (Head of Research Lab, Real Estate R114) said, “I don’t think it will last more than 3-4 months.” Chae Sang-wook (CEO, Connected Ground) emphasized, “After the so-called appetizer of the June 27 measures, a strong demand policy as the main course is needed.”
• Related Link.

Job Mobility to Protect Migrant Workers’ Rights.

• The discussion to reform the Employment Permit System has begun. Park Il-hoon (Director of International Cooperation, Ministry of Employment and Labor) stated, “We plan to expand migrant workers’ options to change workplaces.”
• Migrant workers entering on an E-9 (Employment Permit System) visa are, in principle, unable to change workplaces. They can only apply for a change under limited conditions where they are not at fault, a restriction often criticized for causing wage arrears and human rights abuses. Workers frequently face demands for millions of won or harassment when seeking the current employer’s consent for a job change.
• Lee Jae-myung referenced the forklift incident, reportedly instructing to “uncover fundamental issues.”
• A proposal to ban the assignment of migrant workers to workplaces with high turnover rates is being considered.
• There are plans to implement a “state-led system for the entire process from the introduction of foreign labor, approval for workplace changes, to reemployment assistance.”
• Related Link.
• Related Link.

We Must Grant the Right to Escape Bad Workplaces.

• The Sri Lankan worker from the forklift incident has found a new job. He endured the situation to save money and marry his girlfriend.
• In cases of industrial accidents or wage arrears, changing workplaces without employer consent is possible, but there are many restrictions. If a worker fails to find a new job within three months of applying for a workplace change, they become an illegal resident.
• Lee Jae-myung (Senior Secretary) recently stated in a chief aide meeting, “In the past, Korean workers faced hardships abroad in search of jobs, and thanks to their efforts, Korea exists today.” He added, “Just as we value Korean citizens who ventured far for their livelihoods, the basic human rights of migrant workers must also be protected.”
• The Korea Labor Institute has proposed a reform where workplace change restrictions apply only during the first year after entry, with no limits on reasons or frequency thereafter.
• Related Link.
• Related Link.
• Related Link.

Boost Defense Budget, Spend on Soldiers.

• America is pressuring other countries to raise their defense spending to 5% of GDP. South Korea’s defense budget stands at 61 trillion won, about 2.3% of GDP, but including R&D and the Military Manpower Administration, it reaches 2.8%.
• Jung Wook-sik (Director of Hankyoreh Peace Institute) suggested, “If we must increase the defense budget, let’s use it for voluntary enlistment.” With the inevitable limits of conscription due to population decline, why not use the funds to transition to a volunteer military?
• Reducing regular forces from 500,000 to 300,000 and switching to professional soldiers would cost 14.4 trillion won at 4 million won per month. This is about 10 trillion won more than now, raising defense spending to 3.1% of GDP. This would make South Korea the highest spender on defense as a percentage of GDP among U.S. allies.
• Jung emphasized, “A well-designed voluntary enlistment system could be an attractive option even for the middle class and above.” It’s a proposal to consider as a remedy for youth poverty and socioeconomic inequality. Vacant homes could be remodeled into military accommodations.
• Related Link.

ICYMI.

Heat Hits 40.6°C in Anseong.

• Seoul reached 38°C. It’s reminiscent of 2018 when temperatures hit 39.6°C. The heatwave alert is at ‘severe’ level. There have been 2,103 heat-related illnesses this year. That’s 2.4 times more than the same period last year. On the 25th alone, 87 people were rushed to the ER. Livestock deaths have reached 1.01 million. That’s a tenfold increase. Even dairy cows are stressed. Milk production has dropped by 5-10%. Fish farms are also seeing mass deaths. Last year’s aquaculture losses amounted to 143 billion won.
• Related Link.
• Related Link.

Gas Meter Reading Takes a Month Off.

• Meter readers visit an average of 4,100 households a day, walking 20,000 to 30,000 steps.
• As a heatwave measure, Seoul City will trial bi-monthly readings for residential gas, charging based on the previous month’s usage and settling the difference later.

Worth Reading.

Is This Patchwork Broadcasting Act the Best We Can Do?

• Lee Joon-woong (Professor at Seoul National University) criticized, “Is this patchwork of a broadcasting act the best revision we can come up with?” adding, “It’s obvious that even if patched up, it will tear again.”
• The core of the Broadcasting Act’s three amendments is to increase the number of board members for KBS and the Foundation for Broadcast Culture (MBC’s major shareholder), reduce the proportion recommended by the National Assembly, and grant recommendation rights to academia and the legal community. Although it aims to reduce political influence, debates continue over who represents whom.
• Lee Joon-woong believes the link between politics and broadcasting should be severed entirely. He argues that the downfall of terrestrial broadcasting is the result of politicians using broadcasting as political proxies, with presidents, board members, and news directors playing along. Lee emphasized, “Reform should dramatically reduce the rewards for broadcasters who act as political proxies for parties.”
• Related Link.

China Must Also Pay Attention.

• The Yoon administration believed that strengthening Korea-U.S. relations would make China pay attention to Korea.
• Since the inauguration of the Lee Jae-myung administration, China argues that developing Korea-China relations will make the U.S. value Korea-U.S. relations.
• The Lee Jae-myung administration has yet to take action. Lee Hee-ok (Professor at Sungkyunkwan University) pointed out four things.
• First, the strategic partnership must be restored. The opportunity cost is too high if Korea-China relations sour.
• Second, the U.S. aims to expand the Korea-U.S. alliance into a regional alliance targeting China. The Korean government must also clarify its stance.
• Third, North Korea needs China’s help. With the opening of the Wonsan-Kalma tourist zone, there is a high possibility of strengthened cooperation between North Korea and China. It’s an opportunity to restore relations.
• Related Link.

Principle of Filtering Out Discrimination and Hate.

• Park Han-hee (‘Hope-Making Law’ Lawyer) emphasized, “Regardless of who joins, there should be a clear line against excluding minorities. Appointments should realize gender equality, human rights, and the dignity of all as part of the government.”
• 93 organizations, including Rainbow Action, issued a statement. Here is part of it: “The square did not forgive treason. The citizens of the square did not tolerate discrimination and hate.”
• Related Link.

‘New Normal’? Does This Look Normal?

• Hwang Gyu-gwan (poet) believes we shouldn’t call the normalization of disasters ‘normal.’
• “We discover here our era’s ‘disease of not knowing we’re sick,’ where the cause of the illness is known, yet we only prescribe treatments for the symptoms instead of curing the cause. Is this merely an epistemological error?”
• The term ‘normal’ implies a complacent attitude of ‘let’s live as we always have.’
• “If we don’t cultivate the power of thought to reflect on what fundamental (radical) safety is and what safety means in life, and if we don’t create a culture of dialogue on this topic, our safety will increasingly become subordinate to state institutions and the artificial intelligence of capital. Safety must now meet democracy. The ‘new normal’ is when safety enters the realm of popular governance.”
• Related Link.

‘Well Fought Loss’ Needs External Validation.

• Wolf Schneider (author) stated, “All humans are people who have failed and been frustrated.”
• Even great losers faced the mockery of fate and endured agony and pain.
• Jang Eun-soo (Director of Editorial Culture Lab) pointed out, “If you say ‘I fought well despite losing’ about yourself, it’s just a pathetic mental victory.” (Though not directly mentioned, this likely refers to the People Power Party these days.)
• “Defeat is undeniably painful and hard to endure. However, those who cannot turn defeat into the past cannot transform it into a new beginning. Among the great losers, such people were rare.”
• Related Link.
• Related Link.

Democratic Party’s 25-Year Rule Needs the People Power Party.

• The People Power Party’s current dismal survival tactics could enable the Democratic Party to rule for a century, predicts Noh Won-myung (Editorial Writer, Maeil Business Newspaper).
• “There are many ways to advance history, and one is to simply collapse when given the chance. Like Japan’s Socialist Party or Joseon’s Nam-in faction, surviving miserably regresses history. The Socialist Party was good for the Liberal Democratic Party but not for Japan. The survival of the People Power Party is good for the Democratic Party but not for South Korea.”
• Japan’s Liberal Democratic Party ruled for 55 years from 1955 to 1993 because of the inept Socialist Party. They held a third of the seats but couldn’t replace the LDP.
• Noh Won-myung sees the People Power Party as having the potential to become Korea’s version of the Socialist Party. “They are incompetent, outdated, rife with internal strife, lack expansion capability, are overall unattractive, and ultimately show no prospects of winning elections,” he says.
• Related Link.

Various Channels of Slowletter.

• First, it goes up on the Daum channel at precisely 6:59 AM. If it’s even a second late past 7:00, it won’t be published, so we prioritize meeting this deadline.
• Second, it appears on the Slownews website around 7:25 AM.
• Third, the newsletter is sent out around 7:30 AM.
• At the top of the newsletter, there’s always a “View on Slownews” link.
• You can also view past Slowletters on the Slownews homepage.
• Fourth, if you use Telegram, by joining the Slownews Telegram channel, you’ll receive alerts whenever there’s a new update.
• Fifth, there’s also a KakaoTalk subscriber group.
• On both the Telegram and KakaoTalk channels, you can receive Slowletter in PDF format.
• You can view past PDF collections here.
• The first proofreading is done before the email is sent, but the final version, including spelling, proofreading, and infographics, is most complete on the Slownews website. Final proofreading is completed around 9:30 AM.
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